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“The Voice of the Practising Lawyer in Ontario”
Access to Justice Committee: Family Legal
Service Provider Consultation
Submitted to: Law Society of Ontario
Osgoode Hall, 130 Queen Street West
Toronto, Ontario M5H 2N6
Submitted on: November 26, 2020
Submitted by:
Sam (Rasim) Misheal
Family Law Chair, FOLA
sam@familyseparation.ca
Thank you for providing this opportunity to The Federation of Ontario Law
Associations (Hereinafter referred to as “FOLA”) to provide comments regarding the
Family Law Service Providers (Hereinafter “FLSP”).
FOLA is an organization that represents the associations and members of the 46 local
law associations across Ontario. Together with our associate member, The Toronto
Lawyers Association, we represent approximately 12,000 lawyers, most of whom are
in private practice in firms across the province. These lawyers are on the front lines of
the justice system and see its triumphs and shortcomings every day.
These submissions serve as FOLA’s comments regarding the FLSP. FOLA does not
fully support the proposal of the Family Law Working Group to establish a new
profession of Family Law Service Providers. The said proposal fails to demonstrate and
or establish a business case that would provide an alternative to litigants or the ability
to increase access to justice.
The issue of access to justice for individuals in family law disputes has received an
increased attention in recent years both on a national and international level, specifically
to unrepresented individuals involved in family courts proceedings. FOLA continues
to be committed to initiatives that provide access to justice, and also to the ongoing
reform of Ontario’s family law system. Family law has been, and continues to be, a
2020-2021
EXECUTIVE
William Woodward, Chair
John Krawchenko, 1st Vice
Chair
Michael Winward, Past
Chair
Jane Robertson, Treasurer
Corey Wall, Central East
Region Chair
Allen Wynperle, Central
South Region Chair
Sam Misheal, Central West
Region Chair & Family Law
Chair
Ted Mann
East Region Chair
Gordon Prisco, Northeast
Region Chair
Douglas Judson, Northwest
Region Chair
Terry Brandon, Southwest
Region Chair
Anna Wong, Toronto
Lawyers Association
Representative
Nathan Baker, FOLA LIRN
Chair
Eldon Horner, Real Estate
Co-Chair
Merredith MacLennan,
Real Estate Co-Chair
Katie Robinette, Executive
Director
Kelly Lovell, Executive
Assistant
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“The Voice of the Practising Lawyer in Ontario”
very complex area of law where families turn to the family courts to assist them in resolving
their disputes. These families hope to understand the process and have their time within the
system be financially affordable.
In Justice Bonkalo’s report entitled, “Family Legal Services Review”1
, Justice
Bonkalo recommended that Paralegals licensed in family law should be permitted to provide
legal services in custody; access; simple child support cases; restraining
orders; enforcement; and simple and joint divorces without property, while the Family Law
Working Group expanded on the scope of practice beyond what was proposed without
providing a business case to support same.
There should be no dispute that we must address the issues of access to justice in family law
and we also must be mindful of the sociocultural shifts which have also occurred. Having
said that, one must look at the overall objective rather than a quick Band-Aid solution. Chief
Justice Warren K. Winkler’s opening remarks 2 “I would like to begin with a simple
statement; access to a justice system does not necessarily equate with access to justice. I
state this, because there is a need to continually examine our systems of justice and scrutinize
them to determine whether they are providing adequate access to justice for our citizens.”
Simply put, allowing paralegals to expand their scope of practice to include Family Law
without any empirical data, in and of itself does not equate or afford access to justice for
Ontarians.
Furthermore, Justice Cohen of the Ontario Court of Justice stated, “What’s at stake (in these
cases) is of great magnitude,” ….. “This is the most important work that we do.” The
solution, she said, is a “properly funded, properly resourced legal aid system. It’s what the
people of Ontario have a right to expect. . . . This is your legal system and you expect to get
the same access to your legal system as everybody else gets.”
1 Justice Bonkalo, Family Legal Services Review, (Ontario: Ministry of the Attorney General, 2016)
[Bonkalo Report].
2 Law Society of Ontario, 5th annual family law summit (2011)
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Additionally, R. v. Bilinski 3
, Justice Bruce Durno of the Superior Court of Justice considered
the question whether the paralegal provided deficient service to the extent that the guilty
verdict in this case was in doubt. In his decision, Justice Durno stated that “The appellant
has provided no evidence that the LSUC or any other regulatory body has now assured the
public that the representation level is the same. Indeed, the record supports a contrary
conclusion. The case-specific evidence on this appeal supports that conclusion. The
appellant knew he was not retaining a lawyer. He knew the agent had less legal training
than a lawyer and he knew the agent would charge less than a lawyer.”
Answers to questions posed in the consultation paper.
1. Will the proposed scope of permissible activities support increased access to affordable,
competent family law legal services? If so, how?
FOLA is of the view that the proposed scope does not provide and/or increase access to
affordable, competent legal services. There is simply no empirical data which would
demonstrate this.
In 2016, FOLA retained an established research firm Corbin and Partners to conduct a study
relating to the comparable market fee assessment between private practice paralegals.
This study determined that although at the surface level there is a general impression that
legal fees charged by paralegals to clients are lower than fees charged by lawyers for similar
services, a deeper analysis showed there were doubts and uncertainties on whether there was
a significant cost difference at all4
.
While anecdotal evidence exists to question this comparative pricing, there is a complete
lack of empirical evidence on which to gauge this issue. Lawyer’s legal fees continued to
be tracked, both provincially and nationally, but similar tracking has not yet been found in
the regulated paralegal market.
3 2013 ONSC 2824 (CanLII).
4 Reference is to Corbin Partners’ “Market Reconnaissance Study” examining fees of private practice
paralegals and lawyers. This Study was commissioned by FOLA, a copy of the study can be made available
upon request.
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A cursory Google search found the following:
Precision Paralegal, Michelle Haigh – President of Precision Paralegal $295.00 an Hour,
Senior Paralegals $175.00 – $195.00 an Hour, and Junior / Intermediate Paralegals $125.00
– 150.00 an Hour5
.
It therefore appears that the hourly rate for paralegals is comparable to that of a new family
lawyer6
.
It appears that it has already been decided that less expensive paralegals are the answer to
ongoing access to justice issues without determining whether they are in fact less expensive
and will provide the access to justice being sought. It seems paralegals are the deemed
answer without the necessary study to determine what the actual cause of the problem is in
the first place: the cause of the problem cannot be that lawyers charge too much. That is far
too simplistic for such an overarching and systemic problem.
A number of new initiatives are being implemented to assist individuals seeking counsel in
family law matters. This was recognized by LSO treasurer Teresa Donnelly7
. She stated that
“So much good work is happening on the ground to change how family law clients can get
help, both publicly and privately, along the spectrum from public legal education and initial
consultations on one end, all the way up to full representation,” Donnelly said in introducing
the 90-minute Zoom event. “I wish to recognize the family law bar for taking on these
projects in direct response to challenges that have been identified in terms of access to
affordable legal representation.”
5 https://www.precisionparalegal.ca/our-rates/ontario-hourlyrates/#:~:text=Hourly%20rate%3A%20%24175.00%20%E2%80%93%20%24195.00%20%2F,a%20wide%2
0variety%20of%20matters
6 Bruineman, Marg., “Steady optimism – 2019 Legal Fees Survey”, Canadian Lawyer (8 April 2019) online:
Canadian Lawyer < https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/surveys-reports/legal-fees/steady-optimism-2019-
legal-fees-survey/276027>
7 https://www.thelawyersdaily.ca/family/articles/22015/ontario-family-law-event-details-recent-innovationsin-service-delivery?nl_pk=9b8917ae-e321-4893-aeb2-
2008377284a4&utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=family
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Some of the initiatives across the province are Lukes Place virtual legal clinic, sliding fee
scales for modest income earners, the Family Law Limited Scope Services Project, private
duty counsel offered through the Advise Settlement Counsel of Toronto (a similar model is
being considered in other parts of the province), the Barrie Advise Counsel project, and the
initiative of the Family Justice Centre by pro bono Students Canada. Our members have
indicated anecdotally that the unbundling of legal services has also been utilized by many
clients as a means of reducing cost.
Furthermore, FOLA along with The Advocate Society and the Toronto Lawyers’
Association has conducted a survey with family law lawyers across the province, yielding
428 responses with the following results as of November 18, 2020:
a. 60% offered unbundled services;
b. 66% offered limited scope retainers;
c. 42% offered flat fee retainers;
d. 20% offered sliding scale retainers;
e. 72% offered limited scope retainers;
f. 40% offered pro bono work that comprised of the following hours.
i. 15.5% offered between 1-19 hours;
ii. 15.5% offered between 20-39 hours;
iii. 10.5 % offered between 40-59 hours;
iv. 5% offered between 60-99 hours; and
v. 5% offered more than 100 hours.
g. 74% offered services below their standard hour rates;
h. 42% offered lower hourly rates between $100-$199; and
i. 22% offered lower hourly rates between $200-299.
As is clear from the data gathered, lawyers across the province have recognized that many
litigants could simply not afford their hourly rates. Lawyers have therefore adjusted their
rates accordingly by offering many alternative options, which include discounted rates. The
data gathered above supports FOLA’s recommendations made within this report. It is
FOLA’s position that our recommendations should be seriously considered and implemented
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as opposed to moving forward with the FLSP programme as proposed. A “lesser cost” option
already exists through family lawyers and therefore the FLSP programme for cost purposes
becomes redundant and unnecessary.
The issue of competency will be addressed further below in response to question 3.
2. Will the proposed scope of permissible activities enable the FLSP to develop a business
model that is viable? If so, why? If not, why not?
It is beyond scope of FOLA and its members to ascertain the viability of a business model
for which no studies have been commenced. We cannot accurately determine whether a
FLSP would or would not have a viable business. There are too many variables,
potentialities, and contingencies for us to be able to speculate and foresee the outcome of the
FLSP as proposed. It is our position, however, that the proposed scope of permissible
activities is overbroad and must be narrowed substantially. This will be addressed in
response to the question below.
3. Will the proposed competencies ensure the appropriate level of competence to deliver
family law legal services in the proposed scope? Are there other competencies that
should be considered?
It is our view that the Law Society is being asked to yield to pressure from the judiciary to
“do something” about the ballooning number of self-represented litigants before the courts.
As indicated above, it appears as though the FLSP has been seized upon as being the solution
to this complex, systemic and multifaceted problem. FOLA believes an undergraduate
degree, three years of law school, articling/law practice program, and ongoing CPD
requirements cannot be compared to a high school diploma, a two year diploma at a
community college and less than a year of “training”. For all intents and purposes, a FLSP
is a de facto family lawyer with about a quarter of the education and training.
To ensure the appropriate level of competence to deliver family law services within the
proposed scope, one must be a lawyer.
4. In your view, what scope of activities would best support access to affordable and
competent family law services?
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We must reiterate that we do not believe that the FLSP would be any more affordable than
a lawyer, and our position is that the FLSP should not be implemented at all. However, in
the event the FLSP is implemented, we have significant concerns about the scope of the
permissible activities. They are essentially all areas of family law with very few areas being
excluded.
Simple/Joint Divorces: FOLA takes no issue with the proposed scope.
Custody/Access: FOLA takes no issue with the proposed scope.
Child support: FOLA believes the only issue a FLSP should be permitted to address is
employed payors where Guideline support is applicable. Self-employed income always has
an income determination issue, as it would be erroneous to take the self-employed income
at face value. Many factors go into forwarding an appropriate quantum to the court for its
consideration when dealing with self-employed payors, and this is analogous to imputation
of income as well. Self-employed recipients are also an issue when determining
proportionality for section 7 expenses. Furthermore section 7 expenses in and of themselves
can be a difficult issue, insofar as just because an expense occurs does not mean it is
necessarily “special” or “extraordinary”.
Family law lawyers would advise that undue hardship is one of the most difficult claims to
successfully assert. The factors are complex, the case law is nuanced and frankly it’s just
plain difficult. It should not be within the permissible scope.
Support issues that are within the Family Responsibility Office matters can involve the
default payor suffering serious consequences, such as jail term for each missed payment. It
is our position that FLSP’s should not be representing clients who have custody as a possible
outcome.
Spousal Support: FOLA takes the position that spousal support should be outside the
permissible scope for a FLSP. There is a misconception that since the implementation of
the SSAG that spousal support is now markedly straightforward. It is not. Eligibility and
duration remain complicated issues with volumes of case law on both sides of every
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issue. Additionally, spousal support quantum and termination dates are often encapsulated
within negotiations for increased or decreased equalization payment.
Property/Matrimonial Home: FOLA takes the position that all property issues should be
outside the permissible scope for a FLSP. Our concerns are not just that property issues are
complicated, but that the issues are often not self-evident at the outset. How would a FLSP
be able to assess whether or not there will be a joint family venture or the extent of issues
relating to a matrimonial home, such as the severance of a joint tenancy? Even experienced
family lawyers cannot necessarily determine whether such issues will be in play at the outset
of a matter.
Additionally, there are complex evidentiary issues which could easily turn a “within” scope
to an “outside” scope issue. For example, a family loan may be adequately documented to
appear to be a straightforward debt but still may require discounting, thereby requiring a
third-party valuator.
The consequences of not identifying, and not having the ability to identify, certain claims
relating to property can be catastrophic to litigants.
Contempt: FOLA takes the position that FLSP’s should not be representing clients where
jail is a possible outcome, as it is in every contempt matter. Contempt hearings are quasi
criminal proceedings and the possible outcome if found guilty is a period of custody.
Setting Aside: FOLA takes no particular issue with FLSP’s being permitted to apply to
setting aside Orders for lack of effective service as contemplated. However, Minutes of
Settlement and Domestic Contracts are by their very nature signed by the parties and are not
served. These needs to be removed from proposed Area 8.
Domestic Contracts: Given FOLA’s views on property as outlined above, it is our position
that FLSP’s be permitted to draft Custody/Access/Child support Agreements, subject to our
proposed caveats above with respect to Child support. We do not believe FLSP’s should be
permitted to address property issues for the reasons outlined above.
Change of Name under the Change of Name Act: FOLA takes no issue with this being
within the proposed scope.
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5. Is the proposed training program of sufficient duration and rigour to enable candidates
to achieve the proposed competencies?
The proposed training only involves 550 hours of coursework with a short field
placement. There is no feasible way, despite careful construction of coursework, that a FLSP
could achieve competencies in even the limited scope FOLA would support, let alone the
complete proposed scope of activities. As indicated above, the FLSP as proposed essentially
creates a family lawyer, and therefore the education and training needs to be analogous to
that of a lawyer.
LSO should be mindful of the initiatives that were put forth by the state of Washington which
in 2015 had begun a limited license legal technician program. These individuals are licensed
to provide legal advice and assistance to clients in certain areas of law, including family law,
without the supervision of a lawyer. On June 4, 2020, the Washington Supreme Court
decided to sunset the LLLT program because it was, for all intents and purposes, not
functioning as it had been projected.
6. What type of prerequisite experience in legal services provision, if any, should be
required for the FLSP?
FOLA suggests that a minimum five years working as a licensed paralegal should be required
before a paralegal should be permitted to apply for the limited scope FLSP. This would at
least ensure that the individual has the ability to perform adequately as a paralegal before
adding much more professional difficulty to their work.
7. What length and form of experiential training should be incorporated into the licensing
process for the FLSP to support the competencies? If a field placement is required, who
will provide the placements?
This is, practically speaking, a very difficult question to answer. There is certainly no reason
a FLSP should not have to have the same requirements for articling/practice as a
lawyer. A straw poll of our members show not a single lawyer was willing to supervise such
an endeavour for a FLSP. Until some version of the FLSP program is functioning, there
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will not be any FLSP’s to supervise future FLSP’s during their field placement. This
problem needs to be solved in advance of any continuation of the development of the
proposed FLSP program.
8. Is a CPD requirement focussed on family law appropriate for the FLSP?
FOLA believes that an enhanced CPD requirement, requiring more hours and more in depth
content, would be necessary for the FLSP so as to in some way compensate for their lack of
legal education.
9. Should law clerks be eligible for the FLSP license? Are there other groups of
professionals who should be considered?
FOLA does not support the inclusion of law clerks in the FLSP license, and the reasons for
this position mirror those as applied to the proposed paralegal model. Despite this, their
inclusion would at least ensure consistent supervision by a licensed lawyer, which is unlike
the paralegal model which is being proposed.
10. What characteristics of the FLSP would make this provider appealing to self-represented
litigants? (billing practices, cost structure, accessibility, practicality, other?
There is no empirical evidence that any of the “appealing” aspects of the FLSP actually
exist. This entire exercise is predicated on the assumption that FLSP’s will be less expensive
than a lawyer but there is no evidence to support this. There is a great leap in logic between
“we need access to justice” to “FLSP’s will be the answer”.
Additionally, we need to understand that there is an important distinction between
individuals who wish to be self-represented and those who are unrepresented. Those who
wish to be self-represented will not utilize any provider of a legal service and will continue
to appear before the courts without counsel, regardless of cost.
11. Given the recent enhancements to accessing family law (i.e. court modernization, Steps
to Justice, etc), is the FLSP design appropriate?
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The recent move towards the increased use of remote courts via Zoom and other electronic
means will be shown to have substantially reduced legal costs and increased efficiencies.
12. Are any aspects of the proposed licensing framework unfeasible?
This has been addressed fully in the answers to the previous questions.
13. Is there additional information or are there other factors that should be considered?
For better or worse, there is a public perception that lawyers who accept Legal Aid are not
as skilled, and those who only accept private retainers are more highly skilled. With the
proposed FLSP, there will be a defacto third tier, wherein private counsel are on the top,
FLSP will likely end up in the middle and Legal Aid counsel will be at the bottom. The only
thing creating this hierarchy is the amount of money the public believes each is receiving an
hour for assisting their client.
Additionally, even lawyers who have practiced family law for decades are not permitted to
call themselves “specialized” without going through a rigorous application process through
the LSO. The FLSP in and of itself is a form of specialization which could easily confuse
the public into thinking the FLSP is inherently more qualified than a family lawyer.
Finally, FOLA takes the view that any roll out of the FLSP should be done slowly and
incrementally: scopes of services can be added if appropriate, but if scopes of services have
to reined back in there would have a negative impact on the public’s perception of the LSO.
Recommendations
Family Law Rules
FOLA believes that part of the underlying issue is The Ontario Family Law Rules in and of
themselves. Family law practitioners across the province have raised concerns relating to
the Rules, and they are viewed as placing a hurdle on the issue of access to justice and require
significant reform.
There can be no doubt the Rules have caused legal costs for litigants to skyrocket and any
consideration with respect to changes to the Rules should also focus on enhancing timely
access to justice and reducing legal costs.
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For example, Rules 17 deals with Conferences, including the case, settlement and trial
management conferences. While the Rules do allow for the combination of the three
conferences into one or two, the practice across the province is unpredictable and
inconsistent. These three possible conferences will not necessarily provide a resolution to
the matter, and the attendance at these conferences will inevitably result in a higher cost for
litigants. They can also result in significant delay in the matter proceeding in a timely
fashion. Regardless of whether litigants are represented by counsel or a FLSP, this problem
still exists.
Additionally, Financial Forms have been added but the request for irrelevant information
and requirements for obsolete forms has not been taken away. For example some of these
financial forms made sense before the introduction of the Child Support Guidelines and
Spousal Support advisory Guidelines but now why does it matter how much a litigant spends
on magazines or pet food? The forms which are currently standard should only be required
when the Court orders them and in limited circumstances,
Legal Aid
For many years Legal Aid has been viewed as the pillar in providing access to justice through
both certificates for the private bar and of duty-counsel to the service of lower-income
Ontarians. In recent years we have seen the various governments decrease funding towards
Legal Aid, which ultimately increases the presence of self-represented individuals in court.
FOLA supports the increase of funding and expansion of Legal Aid Ontario. Furthermore,
FOLA’s position the financial eligibility requirements must be revisited and amended to
capture those who could not afford a lawyer. For example the current test is as follow:
CERTIFICATE ELIGIBILITY THRESHOLDS 8
Number of family
members
The amount of money your family
earns in a year
For domestic abuse
cases
8 https://www.legalaid.on.ca/news/details-on-legal-aid-ontarios-financial-eligibility-increase-for-2019/
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1 $17,731 $22,720
2 $31,917 $32,131
3 $37,194 $39,352
4 $42,726 $45,440
5+ $48,173 $50,803
Single boarder $11,632
Based on the above, it is unreasonable to expect that it would be possible for an individual
to earn slightly more than the level of income in the chart above and also have the ability to
afford a lawyer or FLSP. The financial eligibility tests for Legal Aid must be changed to
encapsulate more than just the very poorest of Ontario’s residents.
Technology
There is no doubt that some would consider the COVID-19 pandemic has had an unforeseen
but positive impact on access to justice as a result of the enhancement and implementation
of the digitalization/ remote hearings. FOLA is of the view that the LSO should work in
conjunction with the Attorney General in expanding and continuing to improve this system
to allow all Ontarians an easy access to justice.
There are many benefits that can be afforded to all litigants from the increase in digitalization
and remote hearings, such as online filings, instant remote hearing without the necessity for
counsel and client to travel, and remote hearings are scheduled for a set time with counsel
not needing to be in court the majority of the day thereby resulting in a substantial decrease
in costs for clients.
In light of the above, FOLA is also of the view that almost everyone has, or can use, a
telephone. Many people have smartphones, but some self-represented litigants do not have
access to a telephone, electronic device, or a computer. So while technology is the new
landscape in remote hearings, LSO and the AG’s office must consider making investments
in communities to ensure fairness. Furthermore, LSO and the AG’s office can consider a
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Self-Help center that may offer information and assistance regarding places where selfrepresented litigants can use computer equipment to participate in remote court proceedings.
Other Initiatives
The LSO and the AG’s office should consider supporting and providing some assistance in
the implementation of Pro Bono Students Canada and the launching a Family Justice Centre
Ontario.
It is FOLA’s view that the LSO, stakeholders, and the family bar expand legal coaching and
the unbundling of legal services by family lawyers.
FOLA believes that Alternative Dispute Resolution should be at the forefront of an initiative
driven by LSO to promote same amongst the family law bar.
FOLA is grateful for the opportunity to provide its submissions and welcome any
opportunity to work with the Law Society of Ontario as it continues its commitment to
address and improve Ontario’s justice system.
Yours very truly,
Rasim Sam Misheal
Family Law Chair
Federation of Ontario Law Associations